Researchers often use both primary and secondary sources to build a comprehensive understanding of a topic or historical event. Before you begin your paper, it's important to be able to distinguish between them.
A primary source is a firsthand or original piece of evidence created or produced during the time period or event being studied. They provide direct, unmediated information or data that hasn't been altered or interpreted by others.
Examples of primary sources include diaries, letters, autobiographies, case law, legislation, trial transcripts, photographs, official documents, interviews, artifacts, and eyewitness accounts.
A secondary source is an interpretation, analysis, or summary of primary sources or historical events created by someone who was not directly involved in or present during the time or event being studied. They offer an interpretation, commentary, or evaluation of primary sources and provide context, analysis, or synthesis.
Examples of secondary sources include dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlasas, gazetteers, yearbooks, dissertations, editorial or opinion pieces in newspapers, books that analyze information, textbooks, journal articles that analyze information, biographies, and political commentary.
We are here to help you with your research.
If you would like to make an appointment to receive one-on-one help with your research project or have any questions, you are welcome to email me or visit my office on the 2nd floor of Shepard Library in room 227. I can help with planning a search strategy and deciding where to get started, as well as with evaluating sources you've found. It's important for you to hone your own research skills through practice, but you do not need to spin your wheels unproductively in frustration before you ask for help.
Email | ask@shepard.nccu.libanswers.com
Email | sroger51@nccu.edu
Call | (919) 530-7307
Text | (919) 799-2182
Sean Rogers
Coordinator of Evening Services
Step 1: SELECT YOUR TOPIC | Before you can do any research, you need to be clear about what you are researching. A helpful way to clarify your topic is to state your topic in the form of a question. Example Question - What effect does alcohol abuse have on college students?
Step 2: IDENTIFY KEY WORDS THAT DESCRIBE YOUR TOPIC | Make a list of words and terms that describe your topic. To this list add synonyms of those words and other terms related to your topic. Example Keywords - alcohol abuse, college students | Examples of Related Words - alcoholism, binge drinking, young adults
This is a very important step because almost all of your subsequent research will involve entering these words into various search engines (examples, the library catalog to find books, a research database to find a journal article).
STEP 3: FIND BACKGROUND INFORMATION | Begin your search with printed or online encyclopedias such as Credo Reference or Britannica Online, using the keywords and related words that you identified as your search terms in Steps 1 and 2. Articles in encyclopedias and similar sources will help you refine your topic. Note any relevant references to books, articles, and other information in the bibliographies at the end of the encyclopedia articles because you may want to use them in your research.
Step 4: USE SHEPARD LIBRARY'S ONLINE CATALOG TO FIND BOOKS | Using words that describe your topic (Identified in Steps 1 and 2 above), do a Keyword search to find books relevant to your topic in the library's online catalog. Once you find appropriate materials, note the citation (author, title, etc.), call number, location, and circulation status of the book.
STEP 5: USE RESEARCH DATABASES TO FIND JOURNAL ARTICLES | Consult a research database such as Academic Search Complete to find articles on your chosen topic. Some search results will include the full text of the article. If the full text is not included, use Journal Finder to see if the full text is available in the library or in another research database. If the full text is not available, you may use the library's Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Service to borrow books or obtain copies of articles not available at NCCU.
STEP 6: EVALUATE WHAT YOU FIND | Evaluate the authority and quality of the materials you have located. Consider the author, publisher, and date of each resource. Is the material comprehensive? Is it biased? Who is the intended audience? Is the article peer-reviewed or from a scholarly journal?
STEP 7: REVIEW YOUR PROGRESS | After you have completed steps 1-6, examine the information that you have collected and ask yourself the following questions.
Effective searching is both a skill and an art. If you are not happy with what you find immediately, think about ways to improve your search. If you find an overwhelming number of results, you may want to use more specific search terms. If you feel like you're not finding enough articles, you may need to be more general or think of additional synonyms. Remember that while each database operates on the same basic principles, there are myriad differences in interface look-and-feel, sources covered, and the vocabulary used to assign 'subjects' to an article. Do not be surprised if you have to go through a little trial and error.